Exam Topper

After the 1971 general elections, a major political-military crisis broke out in East Pakistan (New Bangladesh). India was inevitably drawn into the fray, leading to a bloody war between India and Pakistan. By November 1971, the number of refugees from East Bengal had reached 10 millions.  In India, there was a soft corner for the East Pakistan and a strong demand for swift action against Pakistan. Indira Gandhi had two considerations. First to have careful planning and preparation for the war. Military operation could be undertaken in winter so that Himalayan passes would get snowbound and China could not come to aid of Pakistan.  India gave sanctuary to the Bangladeshi government in exile and also Indian army gave military training in India and money and military equipment to Mukti Bahini. India signed ‘Indo-Soviet treaty of peace, friendship and cooperation’ which provided for immediate mutual consultations and appropriate effective measures in case of either country being ...

‘Jai Jawan jai Kisan’ was a slogan given by the Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965. It means – ‘hail the soldier and hail the farmer’. Soon after Shastri took over the Prime Ministership of India after Nehru’s death. India was attacked by Pakistan and at the same time India was facing the scarcity of food-grains.  Shastri gave the slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheering farmers to do the best to increase the production of foodgrains to reduce dependence on import. Also at that time US suspended all food aid to India due to Indo-Pak war, so the government was compelled to take measures like rationing, creation of state Food Trading Corporation but it did not serve the purpose completely. So in this background the Jai Jawan Jai Kisan slogan gave an impetus to both the army and the farmers to give the best of their potential.  In 1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee added Jai Vigyan (Hail Science) to the slogan after t...

In September 1965, the long standing border dispute, communal tensions and conflict over the question of Kashmir flared up in a full – scale war between India and Pakistan. Fearing this regional conflict within the boundaries of Indo-Pakistan would escalate into a conflict of global dimensions, the Soviet Union and USA pressurized the U.N. to arrange an immediate ceasefire which finally came into effect on September 23, 1965. Soviet Union which was neutral during Indo-Pak war, played the role of mediator (broker) afterwards and invited both India and Pakistan for holding a meeting at Tashkent. India and Pakistan signed a declaration that is known as Tashkent Declaration. The significant clauses of this agreement were:  • Both countries forces would pull back to their pre-conflict position, pre-August lines, no later than February 25, 1956.  • Both agreed to follow the principle of noninterference in each other’s internal affairs.  • Measures to be taken towards the restor...

Maulana Azad pre-independence contribution: Maulana Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi, Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi’s ideas and worked in Noncooperation movement and in protests of Rowlatt Act.  At the age of 35 years, he became the youngest person to become the President of Indian National Congress. Azad became the most prominent Muslim opponent of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan and served in the interim national government.  In 1930, Maulana Azad was arrested for violation of the salt laws as a part of Gandhiji’s Salt Satyagraha. Maulana Azad’s post independence contribution  • Azad took up the responsibility of safety of Muslims in India after partition by organising refugee camps, supplies and security.  • As India’s first education Minister Azad masterminded the national programmes of school and colleges construction and spreading t...

During the British rule there were many big and small princely or native states which were indirectly ruled by the British through the princes and chiefs themselves. In World War II period the British Government tried to break the deadlock Created by the Cabinet Mission (1946), Wavell Plan (1945), Cabinet Mission (1946) and Atlee's Statement (February 1947).  Sardar Palel appealed to the patriotic feeling of rulers to join the Indian dominion in matters of defence communication and external affairsthe three areas which has part of the paramountcy of the crown and over which the states had any no control by August 15, 1947,136 states had joined the Indian Union other remained precariously outside:  • Junagarh who wanted to join Pakistan but in a plebiscite the repressive attitude of nawab was overridden and decision was made in favour of India;  • Nawab of Hyderabad wanted a sovereign status. It signed a standstill agreement with India in November 1947.  • Kashmir ...

Caste system in modern political scenario played a very prominent role. Caste divisive policy influence own society by making unification on the one hand that force government to make policy for then also and on other hand divide one society from other society result tension frustration and fight between communities as well as it creates a furrows in relationship. Caste provides to politics on the cine hand structure of divisions and accommodations and on the other hand a cohesive element which absorbs tensions and frustrations. Castes are able to influence each other to gain powers.  The formation role of caste as citations are also playing as important role in fluencing voting behaviour. Even political parties are considering caste as a vote bank. This enabled the lower castes to be politically influening on the basis of numerical preponderance. In selecting candidates for elections, political parties often giving consideration to the caste composition of the constituencies....