Exam Topper

A public servant is a person employed in the public sector on behalf of a government department or agency. In other words, public servant is person who works for the government (Centre, State, and Local), such as a teacher, IAS officer, police officers, Judge, etc. to serve the interests of citizens. A public servant is someone who values public good over his/her personal interests in his official capacity. They have to deal with the management of resources that are publicly owned in a way that enhances public interest. Further, the individuals carrying out the task are publicly accountable for their actions.  Public interest means allocation of resources in a way that further collective well-being and is consistent with ethical and constitutional norms, thereby helping individuals develop fully into citizens. A public servant while performing his role should exercise certain values like accountability, integrity, honesty, commitment to public service, effective implementation of p...

India is among those countries which spend least on social sector services, such as health and education. The government spends only 2.3 % of GDP on health which is far before from the world’s average of 10.02%. Whereas in education sector, it is 3.4% against the world’s average of 4.815%.  This endangers India’s prospects which currently has the world’s largest young population to reap its demographic dividend by human capital formation. This further has led Indian society to divert its resources from food items to non-food items. Reasons behind divergence in relationship between Poverty and Hunger  • India is currently in the third stage of demographic transition with average life expectancy of 68.5 years. Life expectancy increased 61 years in 2001 to 67 years in 2011 and further to 68.5 years in 2019. Further, neonatal mortality, under five mortality and maternal mortality has also decreased considerably which indicates that citizens have considerably spent on health. ...

Secularism is the constitutional principle of separation of the state from religious institutions. Secularism forms the core element of the basic structure of the Indian constitution. And even France is an indivisible, secular democratic social Republic guaranteeing that all their citizens regardless of their origin, race or religion are treated as equals before the law and respecting all religious beliefs.  The ideal of secularism envisaged in India is different from that of France:  • The paradigms of republicanism , as practiced in France, or multiculturalism as implemented in a number of Western democracies, such as the UK and the US, or indeed employment-based integration models of Sweden or Germany, are all in crisis.  • This can be seen in the banning of Islamic clothing, kosher or halal meals and “burkinis” in France .  • France was a largely homogeneous Catholic country, where the clergy had an unduly high degree of influence over the state’s apparatus....

Women are the building blocks of the society. They are traditionally referred as Goddesses. However, in the Indian society, they continue to be exploited for the sake of the conventions of the society and face challenges even today.  The following are the various challenges faced by the women: • Patriarchy: Women face the male dominance in various institutions, structures of the country. This has hampered the overall development and rise of women in the societal roles.  • Political participation: Women are not able to express themselves politically. The bill for reservation women is still pending in the parliament.  • Economic participation: Women are not able to reach the topmost positions in the corporations, private or public except a few. Also, women are imparted roles which are regarded as specifically for women like Pink color Jobs, Health sector, etc.  • Education: They are still considered as burden in the villages of many states, though the situation has ...

The French revolution laid the foundation of the modern world:  • The French Revolution had been a world-shaking event. For years to come its direct influence was felt in many parts of the world. It inspired revolutionary movements in almost every country of Europe (German and Italian unification) and in South and Central America.  • For a long time the French Revolution became the classic example of a revolution which people of many nations tried to emulate.  • It gave the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity to the modern world. It brought about a political awakening in Europe. People began to rise in revolt to demand their rights.  • It also popularized the concept of democracy. Absolute monarchy was replaced by constitutional monarchy in many countries.  • It separated religion from politics and stood for secularism which condemned religious fanaticism.  • It a number of movements where people demanded not only political freedom but also right to pr...

The following ways are the American Revolution laid the foundation of the modern world:  •American Revolution gave rise to ideas, such as constitutionalism, rule of law, individualism, sovereignty, and separation of power which gained popularity in the modern world history.  •The revolution led to the establishment of a republic based on the first written constitution in the world.  •It inspired the people in Europe as well as other parts of the world to fight against their despotic regimes to compel the government to adopt the constitution.  •Success of American nationalism inspired the emergence of the nationalist movement in European countries, such as Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and South America to rebel and gain their independence.  •It also inspired the nationalist movement in colonies like India during 19th and 20th century.  •It triggered the process of decolonization which continued for more than 200 years.  •The idea of capita...

Empowerment refers to measures designed to increase the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities in order to enable them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one’s life and claiming one’s rights.  Women empowerment will help in tackling population growth:  • Political Empowerment: This would result in increase in women’s participation in the political processes, structures, institutions. This would enhance the voice of women at different platforms. Hence, women will be able to raise awareness about need of small families and birth control and the associated benefits.  • Economic Empowerment: This will lead to the participation of women in the economic activities. It will increase the family income and also improve the situation of women in making financial decisions. Thus, there will be fewer ...

Culture is a way of life of people. It includes architecture, literature, art, science, etc. Although Indian society is multi-cultural, plural, diverse having different religions, traditions, philosophies and lifestyles, yet it is able to sustain its diverse culture.  Features of Indian Society which led to is sustainability  • Principles of Tolerance and Respect: Indian society has been founded upon these principles which result in mutual respect and understanding for each other. The religions like Buddhism and Jainism have been founded upon these.  • Assimilation Process: Migrants from the times of Aryans to the Mughals have come and lived in India peacefully assimilating into the Indian way of life, thereby sustaining the culture of the nation.  • Spiritualism: Indians have been always curious to find a unique way of life giving rise to spiritualistic elements in the way of life. The various philosophies have given way to a spiritual dimension in the way of livin...

Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2014 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2015 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2016 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2017 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2018 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2019 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2020 Sociology Paper - 1 Click Here To Download Sociology Paper - 2 Click Here To Download Civil Services (Sociology Optional) Paper 2021 Sociology Paper - 1 C...

Values are the individual principle or beliefs that guide judgement and behavior of a person or a group. Values are like an anchor in a ship. Values flow from the highest of our own self which are in inbuilt mechanism which distinguish the right from the wrong, the Do’s and Don’ts of any action even when no one is looking.  The word ethics has been derived from the Greek word ‘ethos’ meaning ‘character’. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that refers to a study of rightness or wrongness of human action in the context of a good human life. Professional competence is always evaluated within the boundary of ethics and norms associated with the profession.  A person can be professionally competent and expert but if the practices certain immoral acts, it will be refereed as unethical which will in turn hamper the transparency, efficiency, effectiveness, public trust etc. And thus these unethical conducts will erode the roots of the profession itself, harming the stakeholders.