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India started, missile development programme in 1983 and the "responsibility to implement this was given to defence-research and development organisation (DRDO). India has been achieving in missile development, and through this India has achieved both technical and strategic development mentioned in missile development programme.  Today, India has long-distance and medium-distance missiles namely - Agni and Prithvi respectively. Agni has three versions, viz. Agni I, Agni II and Agni III which can face the attack ranging-from 700-5000 km. Prithvi is short distance ballistic missile. Regarding targeting, capacity and use of technology it stands among the main missiles in the world. Besides these in India a lot of developed missiles have been made and tested successfully.  Among these Trishul and Akash are short and long distance missiles moving from SURFACE to air respectively.  Nag (anti-tank), Dhanush (Navel Missile) and Ashtra (air to air targeting) etc. are the main mis...

India’s achievements in the field of Space: · • India’s Mars Orbiter Spacecraft has successfully completed its mission objective as planned and has completed one year.  • Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D6), equipped with the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS), successfully launched GSAT-6, the country’s advanced communication satellite, into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).  • The first experimental flight of heavy lift next generation launch vehicle, GSLV-Mk III, was successfully conducted on December from Sriharikota. This flight has validated the complex atmospheric regime of flight and demonstrated the Integrity of design of GSLV Mk III.  • Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) is designed as a constellation of seven satellites to provide satellite based navigational services in the country.  • GSAT-15, a 3 ton class communication satellite (carrying 24 Ku band transponders & GAGAN payload) has been successfully launc...

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), operational name Navigation with Indian constellation (NavIC), is an indigenously developed autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India and a region extending 1500 km around it, with plans for future expansion. It is expected to have on accuracy better than 20m.  Needs for IRNSS :  •In its absence, India had to depend on satellite systems of other countries rendering it vulnerable especially in the case of hostile situations.  •The immediate reason to start building indigenous navigation capabilities was the Kargil War in 1999, when USA denied India access to vital satellite based information.  •With India becoming only the sixth country in the world to have its own navigation system, it is going to improve its standing in the comity of nations.  •Allowing the neighbouring countries to access the system, India is also proje...

Space station is also called orbital station. It orbits around Earth. Basically, it is a large spacecraft or man-made station in space, a home where astronauts live. It also receive several space crafts from the Earth. It is a kind of science lab, many countries worked together to build it and also, work together to use it. Recently ISRO chief said ‘We are planning to have a separate space station. We will not be a part of ISS. Our space station is going to be very small’.  India’s plan to have its own space station  •The Indian space station will be much smaller (mass of 20 tonnes) than the International Space Station and will be used for carrying out micro gravity experiments (not for space tourism).  •Preliminary plan for the space station is to accommodate astronauts for upto 20 days in space, and the project will be an extension of the Gaganyaan mission.  •It will orbit the Earth at an altitude of around 400km.  •ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is...