UPSC Civil Services (History Optional) Previous Year Papers (2014 - 2021) PDF Download

Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2014

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2015

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2016

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2017

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2018

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2019

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2020

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Civil Services (History Optional) Paper 2021

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the reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government

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The 73rd Amendment along with 74th is called a silent revolution. The most revolutionary provision is said to be the reservation of one-third of the seats for women in local bodies (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the SCs and STs). Further not less than one-third of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the panchayats at each level shall be reserved for women.  Impact of amendment on patriarchal character of Indian political process:  • But has it really made a considerable impact towards improving the status of women is debatable. In spite of progressive nature of the constitution, traditional social structures that restricted women’s social participation were reinforced in which men hold primary power and pre-dominate roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege.  • The reservation of seats in the panchayati raj institutions has enabled women to contest and win elections but lot of structural and procedural chal...
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India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme

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Space station is also called orbital station. It orbits around Earth. Basically, it is a large spacecraft or man-made station in space, a home where astronauts live. It also receive several space crafts from the Earth. It is a kind of science lab, many countries worked together to build it and also, work together to use it. Recently ISRO chief said ‘We are planning to have a separate space station. We will not be a part of ISS. Our space station is going to be very small’.  India’s plan to have its own space station  •The Indian space station will be much smaller (mass of 20 tonnes) than the International Space Station and will be used for carrying out micro gravity experiments (not for space tourism).  •Preliminary plan for the space station is to accommodate astronauts for upto 20 days in space, and the project will be an extension of the Gaganyaan mission.  •It will orbit the Earth at an altitude of around 400km.  •ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is...
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GSAT-24 Mission

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Bhaskara-I

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Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) and How does it help in navigation

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Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), operational name Navigation with Indian constellation (NavIC), is an indigenously developed autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India and a region extending 1500 km around it, with plans for future expansion. It is expected to have on accuracy better than 20m.  Needs for IRNSS :  •In its absence, India had to depend on satellite systems of other countries rendering it vulnerable especially in the case of hostile situations.  •The immediate reason to start building indigenous navigation capabilities was the Kargil War in 1999, when USA denied India access to vital satellite based information.  •With India becoming only the sixth country in the world to have its own navigation system, it is going to improve its standing in the comity of nations.  •Allowing the neighbouring countries to access the system, India is also proje...
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Aryabhata Spacecraft

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welfare schemes for vulnerable sections is not effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement

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The government schemes are carried out for the welfare of the vulnerable sections. The vulnerable sections include SC, ST, OBCs, backward classes, women, senior citizens, children, Divyang, third gender, minorities. The welfare includes the overall human, social, political, economic development of these sections with a view to achieve dignity and liberty of individuals by enhancing choices and offering avenues of growth.  There are several stages of policy process, where non involvement and lack of awareness leads to inefficient and ineffective performance:  • Identification of the problem - At the time of identification the people for whom the scheme is carried out do not know about the scheme. The people are required to be involved in the policy-making process so that their valuable inputs can enhance the process. • Formulation – While policy formulation takes place, it is really important to involve people. If the people are not aware then that might affect the targeti...
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the impact of global warming on coral life system

Destruction of coral reef can be induced by a variety of factors, alone or in combination. However, unprecedented global warming and climate change combined with growing local pressures have resulted in destruction of coral reefs to a large extent.  Impact of global warming on the coral life system:  Coral Bleaching  • The impacts from coral bleaching are becoming global in scale, and are increasing in frequency and intensity.  • Mass coral bleaching generally happen, when temperatures around coral reefs exceed 1 degree Celsius above an area’s historical norm for four or more weeks. Sea surface temperature increases have been strongly associated with El Nino weather patterns. • However, light intensity, (during doldrums, i.e. flat calm conditions), also plays a critical role in triggering the bleaching response. If temperatures climb to more than 20 C for similar or longer periods, coral moralities following bleaching increase.  Rising sea levels  • Observa...
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ocean currents and their impacts on marine life and coastal environment

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Its physical characteristics like temperature, salinity, density and the external forces like the sun, the moon and the winds influence the movement of ocean water. Ocean currents are the continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction. Water moves ahead from one place to another place through ocean currents. Ocean currents have direct impact on the climate and economy of the region.  Ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment in different ways:  • Impact on biodiversity:  The physical parameters of water masses are essential because they structure the water masses and determine the various habitats that provide the environmental conditions required for marine life.  These conditions influence the production and the growth of plankton and fish species. The dispersion and dwelling of larvae for many benthic and pelagic species depend on hydro-graphical factors. They also play an important role for...
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Rohini Satellite RS-1

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